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Give your kids a head start on their retirement

When Roth IRAs for kids are an option, it’s never too early to start building a retirement nest egg.

Mother kisses her your daughter on the top of her head while they sit in the doorway of their home on a cool sunny day



Let’s talk about retirement security for our children. This may seem like a novel notion, and it’s probably one that you haven’t spent much time on. But it’s never too early to start building a retirement nest egg. And isn’t providing your kids with a leg up on their retirement years one of the most precious gifts you can give them?

In that vein, Roth IRAs can be a great vehicle for starting your kids off on the right path—indeed, not only for retiring but more broadly for succeeding financially and appreciating the power of saving and investing.


Why a Roth

With a Roth, taxes are paid on contributions, not on withdrawals, provided that certain requirements are met. And if you set up a Roth for a child, any taxes on contributions are based on his or her income, not yours. Since most kids pay little or nothing in taxes, the Roth benefit of tax-free growth is magnified. (If taxes are due on contributions, it’s better if they’re taken from another source, not the Roth IRA money, to maximize growth.)

If you open a Roth for your child, the current maximum annual contribution is $6,000 for those under 50, just as for a tradit ional IRA. Equally important, contributions are limited to earned income—whether the contributions are made by the child, by you, by anyone else, or any combination thereof.1

Meanwhile, Roth IRA contributions can be taken out at any time with no taxes or penalties. The earnings in the account can also be taken out tax- and penalty-free at age 59½—or sooner for expense carve-outs, including certain educational, home-buying, and medical outlays.2 And while income limits still apply, they’re based on the kid’s income, not yours: Rare is the child who has annual income in excess of the Roth cut-offs.


Thirty-Fold Growth?

If a Roth IRA were set up for a 15-year-old who held onto it for 50 years until retirement, he or she would enjoy tax-free compounding for a half-century. Assume that such an account were established with $5,000 and never again enhanced by further contributions—as unlikely as that is. The account value would grow to more than $50,000 at a 7% annual return, which is not unreasonable for a stock-heavy balance. All of that money could be withdrawn without paying a dollar in taxes and with no required minimum distributions.


What’s the Catch?

There really isn’t a catch, but parents need to think about the following:

  • Again, only the child’s earned income can be contributed— not investment income, gifts, or allowances, and probably not money you give him or her for doing household chores. But working in a store or a company; baby-sitting, dog-walking, lawn-tending, and such; and taking a position in a parent’s business for reasonable pay are all fair game.3 While a W-2 is ideal, it is not required, but you need to make sure that accurate records are kept?
  • No matter how many people choose to contribute, the total contributions in any given year by all parties, including the child, cannot exceed the child’s earned income
  • The account will be managed by a custodian—typically parents—until the child reaches his or her majority: age 18 in almost all states. At that point, the account moves wholly to the child. If you’re unsure about your child’s maturity level, it may be best to choose a savings option that’s more in your control

1. Any contributions made to the child’s IRA by parents or other parties count against their limits for tax-free gifts.

2. We’re assuming throughout this article that the current tax laws on Roth IRAs remain as they are.

3. The child may need to pay a federal self-employment tax, currently at 15.3%, on his or her earnings (regardless of whether he or she is the beneficial owner of an IRA).

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This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended for use as legal, accounting, tax or professional financial advice by People’s United Bank or any of the bank’s subsidiaries. Financial calculators are for illustrative purposes only. Always consult your legal, accounting and/or tax advisor to fully understand how information may or may not apply to your personal or business financial situation.

On April 2, 2022, People's United Bank, N.A. merged into M&T Bank. It is now part of M&T Bank and its former branches and most services will operate as the People's United division of M&T Bank until we complete the integration of our systems later in 2022. M&T Bank is a Member FDIC, Equal Housing Lender and Equal Opportunity Lender.

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